Cash and Noncash Benefits for Persons With Limited Income statistics

[For years ending September 30, except as noted (143,294 represents $143,294,000,000). Programs covered provide cash, goods, or services to persons who make no payment and render no service in return. In case of many programs, including family cash welfare, food and housing programs, job and training programs and some educational programs, some recipients must work or study. Most of the programs base eligibility on individual, household, or family income, but some use group or area income tests; and a few offer help on the basis of presumed need]


		Average monthly					Average monthly					Expenditures (mil. dol.)					Expenditures (mil. dol.)				Expenditures (mil. dol.)						Expenditures (mil. dol.)					Expenditures (mil. dol.)	Expenditures (mil. dol.)
		Recipients (1,000)					Recipients (1,000)
												Total					Total				Federal						Federal						State and local					State and local
Program
	1985	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1985	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1985	1990	1991	1992	1993		1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1985	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998

Total	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	143,294	212,542	249,461	295,305	311,228	348,698	366,594	370,769	379,971	391,733	105,064	151,478	177,899	208,211	223,528		246,302	258,382	263,550	269,754	277,332	38,230	61,064	71,562	87,094	87,700	102,396	108,212	107,219	110,216	114,401

Medical care ¹	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	49,440	86,785	109,224	135,776	142,990	161,345	174,556	177,940	186,100	196,391	27,880	50,190	62,397	78,618	84,985		93,616	101,338	103,925	107,787	113,779	21,560	36,595	46,827	57,158	58,005	67,729	73,218	74,015	78,313	82,612
Medicaid ² ³	21,814	25,253	27,967	30,776	32,634	40,348	41,388	41,284	40,160	41,360	41,258	72,492	94,448	119,067	125,770	143,807	156,395	159,357	167,359	177,364	22,844	41,103	52,533	67,827	73,372		81,837	89,070	91,205	94,738	100,177	18,414	31,389	41,915	51,240	52,398	61,970	67,325	68,152	72,621	77,187
Veterans ⁴ ⁵\a	504	585	541	1,644	1,610	1,518	1,561	158	(NA)	153	3,053	6,624	7,140	7,598	8,183	8,203	8,642	8,967	9,220	9,603	3,053	6,624	7,140	7,598	8,183		8,203	8,642	8,967	9,220	9,603	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
General assistance ⁵	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	3,114	4,854	4,538	5,508	5,189	5,328	5,464	5,437	5,268	4,956	0	0	0	0	0		0	0	0	0	0	3,114	4,853	4,538	5,508	5,189	5,328	5,464	5,437	5,268	4,956
Indian health services ² ³	931	1,100	1,100	1,273	1,303	1,224	1,257	1,402	1,430	1,458	862	1,176	1,411	1,706	1,858	1,943	1,960	1,984	2,057	2,099	862	1,176	1,411	1,706	1,858		1,943	1,960	1,984	2,057	2,099	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Maternal and child health services	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	11,600	11,600	12,200	18,700	23,900	(NA)	783	907	961	1,056	1,083	1,118	1,113	1,105	1,105	1,102	478	554	587	646	665		687	684	679	681	678	305	353	374	410	418	431	429	426	424	424
Consolidated health centers ²	5,200	5,350	5,400	5,871	6,250	6,600	7,000	8,100	8,300	8,450	383	457	478	533	559	604	617	615	802	825	383	457	478	533	559		604	617	615	802	825	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

Cash aid ¹	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	37,636	54,255	61,623	69,823	74,801	86,319	91,598	92,455	93,082	94,562	24,486	36,445	42,272	48,716	53,350		63,397	67,923	70,011	71,848	73,872	13,150	17,810	19,351	21,107	21,451	22,922	23,675	22,444	21,234	20,690
Supplemental security income ³ ⁶	4,305	4,938	5,175	5,559	6,021	6,429	6,715	6,894	6,984	7,199	11,857	17,233	19,259	22,774	25,708	30,128	30,567	32,065	32,395	33,601	9,603	13,607	15,468	18,744	21,801		26,254	26,839	28,355	28,667	29,656	2,254	3,626	3,791	4,030	3,907	3,874	3,728	3,710	3,728	3,945
TANF/AFDC ³ ⁷	10,813	11,465	12,596	13,625	14,144	14,226	13,619	12,649	10,936	8,770	16,736	21,200	22,966	24,986	25,059	26,098	25,553	23,677	23,179	21,513	8,909	11,507	12,482	13,688	13,757		14,192	13,788	12,698	12,494	11,286	7,827	9,693	10,484	11,298	11,302	11,906	11,765	10,979	10,685	10,227
Earned income tax credit (refunded portion) ⁸	17,313	37,836	38,859	40,299	42,012	51,468	52,128	53,706	58,143	58,197	1,162	5,303	7,938	9,625	10,883	15,722	19,040	20,600	23,200	25,300	1,162	5,303	7,938	9,625	10,883		15,722	19,040	20,600	23,200	25,300	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Foster care	108	168	203	222	233	244	261	274	289	306	949	2,741	3,385	4,170	4,759	5,215	5,747	5,706	6,794	7,033	490	1,473	1,819	2,233	2,547		2,746	3,066	3,097	3,692	3,730	459	1,268	1,566	1,937	2,212	2,469	2,681	2,609	3,102	3,303
General assistance ⁸	1,323	1,205	1,324	1,212	1,168	1,113	989	767	700	(NA)	2,499	2,924	3,214	3,354	3,411	3,596	3,559	3,147	3,200	2,625	0	0	0	0	0		0	0	0	0	0	2,499	2,924	3,214	3,354	3,411	3,596	3,559	3,147	3,200	2,625
Pensions for needy veterans ⁹ ¹⁰	1,489	1,106	1,045	969	864	838	798	782	747	712	3,842	3,954	3,930	3,667	3,477	3,159	3,018	3,042	3,066	3,071	3,842	3,954	3,930	3,667	3,477		3,159	3,018	3,042	3,066	3,071	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

Food benefits ¹	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	20,391	25,106	29,317	34,252	36,338	37,877	38,627	39,084	37,348	35,511	19,362	23,871	28,005	32,809	34,772		36,107	36,797	37,164	35,374	33,451	1,029	1,235	1,312	1,443	1,566	1,770	1,830	1,920	1,974	2,060
Food stamps ³ ¹¹	21,400	21,500	24,100	26,900	28,400	28,900	28,000	26,800	24,200	21,000	13,470	17,686	21,012	24,914	26,304	27,225	27,438	27,344	24,772	22,384	12,599	16,512	19,765	23,539	24,806		25,525	25,678	25,494	22,868	20,397	871	1,174	1,247	1,375	1,498	1,700	1,760	1,850	1,904	1,987
School lunch program ¹² ¹³	11,500	11,600	12,100	13,000	13,600	14,000	14,400	14,600	15,100	15,300	2,665	3,154	3,502	3,954	4,207	4,438	4,581	4,784	5,044	5,196	2,665	3,154	3,502	3,954	4,207		4,438	4,581	4,784	5,044	5,196	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)
Women, infants and children ³ ¹⁴	3,138	4,500	4,900	5,400	5,900	6,500	6,900	7,200	7,400	7,400	1,500	2,126	2,350	2,672	2,928	3,160	3,451	3,688	3,846	3,896	1,500	2,126	2,350	2,672	2,928		3,160	3,451	3,688	3,846	3,896	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
School breakfast ¹²	3,040	3,600	4,000	4,500	4,800	5,200	5,500	5,700	6,000	6,100	400	548	674	782	878	936	1,021	1,088	1,180	1,266	400	548	674	782	878		936	1,021	1,088	1,180	1,266	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Child and adult care food program ¹⁵	704	842	904	1,008	1,060	1,200	1,300	1,300	(NA)	1,800	199	447	538	624	697	832	905	982	1,199	1,404	199	447	538	624	697		832	905	982	1,199	1,404	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nutrition program for elderly ¹⁶	3,630	3,540	3,457	3,349	3,200	3,270	3,401	3,023	(NA)	(NA)	614	575	640	674	673	689	690	688	685	700	456	514	575	606	605		619	620	618	615	627	158	61	65	68	68	70	70	70	70	73

Housing benefits ¹	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	14,113	17,548	18,961	24,222	25,285	25,761	27,272	27,955	28,896	29,511	14,113	17,548	18,961	21,922	23,955		24,145	24,948	25,496	26,440	26,897	0	0	0	2,300	1,330	1,615	2,325	2,459	2,456	2,614
Low-income housing asst. (Sec. 8) ¹⁷	2,010	2,500	2,548	2,797	2,812	2,926	3,012	2,953	2,943	3,001	6,818	10,577	11,400	12,306	13,288	14,576	15,824	15,536	16,393	16,114	6,818	10,577	11,400	12,306	13,288		14,576	15,824	15,536	16,393	16,114	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Low-rent public housing ¹⁷ ¹⁸	1,355	1,405	1,405	1,409	1,408	1,409	1,411	1,395	1,372	1,295	3,408	3,918	4,544	5,008	6,180	4,026	4,449	4,241	4,384	3,899	3,408	3,918	4,544	5,008	6,180		4,026	4,449	4,241	4,384	3,899	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)
Rural housing loans ¹⁹ ²⁰	41	26	24	26	31	39	32	41	41	55	1,790	1,311	1,315	1,468	1,831	2,384	1,983	2,716	2,706	3,830	1,790	1,311	1,315	1,468	1,831		2,384	1,983	2,716	2,706	3,830	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Interest reduction payments ¹⁷	528	531	528	510	510	505	501	507	494	477	619	630	553	652	635	659	661	659	604	618	619	630	553	652	635		659	661	659	604	618	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Home investment partnerships ³ ²⁰ \21		(NA)		0	26	76	67	71	73	75		3		3,689	2,092	2,809	3,269	3,810	3,817	4,062		3		1,389	771		1,210	963	1,367	1,373	1,461		0		2,300	1,321	1,599	2,306	2,443	2,444	2,601
Rural rental assistance ¹⁹ ²⁰	26	16	15	15	15	36	42	40	40	39	903	572	576	574	574	445	523	541	520	541	903	572	576	574	574		445	523	541	520	541	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

Education aid ¹	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	9,970	14,390	15,410	14,216	15,079	15,541	16,092	16,378	17,535	18,128	9,516	13,761	14,863	13,602	14,313		14,637	15,137	15,423	16,509	16,991	454	629	547	614	766	903	955	955	1,026	1,137
Pell grants ²² ²³	2,797	3,214	3,669	4,401	4,743	3,808	3,952	3,611	3,665	3,732	2,800	4,484	4,804	5,374	5,500	6,459	6,634	6,144	5,660	6,274	2,800	4,484	4,804	5,374	5,500		6,459	6,634	6,144	5,660	6,274	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Head Start	448	541	584	621	714	740	751	752	794	822	1,309	1,940	2,440	2,752	3,470	4,157	4,417	4,461	4,976	5,434	1,047	1,552	1,952	2,202	2,776		3,326	3,534	3,569	3,981	4,347	262	388	488	550	694	831	883	892	995	1,087
Stafford loans ²²	3,477	4,496	4,815	3,686	3,855	4,391	3,516	4,422	4,882	4,956	3,888	5,648	6,114	3,929	3,791	2,592	2,702	3,357	4,610	3,770	3,888	5,648	6,114	3,929	3,791		2,592	2,702	3,357	4,610	3,770	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Federal Work-Study Program ²² ²³	737	867	841	789	713	713	713	702	691	945	555	610	602	595	615	617	617	617	617	830	555	610	602	595	615		617	617	617	617	830	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants ²² ²³	720	633	728	907	994	991	991	1,082	1,191	991	375	438	459	520	577	583	583	583	583	583	375	438	459	520	577		583	583	583	583	583	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

Services ¹	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(NA)	(X)	(X)	(X)	5,476	8,185	7,906	9,248	9,479	13,536	11,329	11,021	11,631	12,453	3,551	3,781	4,933	5,340	5,530		6,810	6,012	6,312	6,660	7,300	1,925	4,404	2,973	3,908	3,949	6,726	5,317	4,709	4,971	5,153
Social services (Title 20) ²⁴	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	4,650	7,071	5,419	6,132	6,132	9,728	7,168	6,095	6,400	5,885	2,725	2,762	2,800	2,800	2,800	²⁵	3,800	2,800	2,381	2,500	2,299	1,925	4,309	2,619	3,332	3,332	5,928	4,368	3,714	3,900	3,586
Child care for AFDC recipients and ex-recipients ²⁶	(NA)	(NA)	231	326	424	500	583	(NA)	(X)	(X)	(X)	211	546	755	1,003	1,305	1,675	1,739	(X)	(X)	(X)	116	311	438	583		752	950	981	(X)	(X)	(X)	95	235	317	420	553	725	758	(X)	(X)
Child care and development block grant ²⁶	(NA)	(X)	(NA)	571	750	605	663	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(X)	(X)	732	825	893	893	935	933	3,378	4,690	(X)	(X)	732	825	893		893	935	933	2,307	3,123	(X)	(X)	0	0	0	0	0	0	1,071	1,567
"At risk" child care (to avert AFDC eligibility)	(NA)	(X)	(NA)	130	219	207	199	(NA)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	275	580	455	547	510	536	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	156	321	258		302	286	299	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	119	259	197	245	224	237	(X)	(X)
Community services block grant	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	372	389	428	437	441	464	473	436	536	542	372	389	428	437	441		464	473	436	536	542	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

Jobs and training ¹	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	3,976	4,242	4,828	5,494	5,333	5,515	5,437	4,684	3,973	3,857	3,895	3,975	4,389	5,018	4,771		4,861	4,626	4,040	3,796	3,785	81	267	439	476	562	654	811	644	178	71
Training for disadvantaged adults and youth ²⁷	350	630	604	(NA)	642	420	507	481	483	499	1,886	1,745	1,779	1,774	1,692	1,597	1,124	977	1,022	1,085	1,886	1,745	1,779	1,774	1,692		1,597	1,124	977	1,022	1,085	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
JOBS/Welfare-to-Work ²⁸	1,013	444	461	483	541	579	632	665	(NA)	(NA)	297	452	917	1,004	1,200	1,401	1,767	1,470	283	26	267	265	562	617	729		841	1,051	878	169	17	30	187	355	387	471	560	716	592	114	9
Job Corps	41	61	62	101	102	97	100	68	65	70	617	803	868	955	966	1,040	1,089	1,094	1,154	1,246	617	803	868	955	966		1,040	1,089	1,094	1,154	1,246	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Summer youth employment program ²⁹	785	585	554	783	615	574	489	411	493	530	725	709	700	1,183	894	877	867	625	871	871	725	709	700	1,183	894		877	867	625	871	871	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Senior community service employment program ^b	64	65	64	65	65	68	65	62	62	62	362	408	433	439	440	456	440	414	514	489	326	367	390	395	396		410	396	373	463	440	36	41	43	44	44	46	44	41	51	49

Energy assistance ¹	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	2,292	1,728	1,919	1,773	1,605	1,994	1,682	1,251	1,406	1,321	2,261	1,604	1,806	1,685	1,534		1,917	1,601	1,179	1,342	1,257	31	124	113	88	71	77	81	73	64	64
Low-income energy assistance ³ ³⁰	6,800	5,800	6,100	6,200	5,600	6,000	5,500	4,300	(NA)	(NA)	2,095	1,567	1,723	1,588	1,417	1,719	1,402	1,076	1,221	1,132	2,070	1,443	1,610	1,500	1,346		1,710	1,386	1,067	1,221	1,132	25	124	113	88	71	9	16	9	(NA)	(NA)

Other ²⁸ ³¹	(X)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	(NA)	29	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	303	273	501	318	812	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	303	273	501	318		812	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)

NA Not available. X Not applicable.
1 Includes other programs not shown separately.
2 Recipient data represent unduplicated annual number.
3 Expenditures include administrative expenses.
4 Medical care for veterans with a nonservice-connected disability.
a Until 1996 estimated number of patients discharged from hospital during year or estimated yearly number of inpatients.
5 Estimated expenditures.
6 Includes state-administered SSI supplements.
7 Aid to families with dependent children program and its successor, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), established by P.L. 104-193 Excludes data for foster care program and child support operations (cost and collections).
8 Estimated recipients.
9 Estimated recipients as of September.
10 Includes dependents and survivors.
11 Includes Puerto Rico's nutritional assistance program.
12 Free and reduced-price segments.
13 Includes estimate of commodity assistance.
14 Special supplemental food program for women, infants and children.
15 Recipient data are numbers of children receiving free or reduced price meals and snacks in child care centers and estimates of children in family day care homes with incomes below 185 percent of poverty. |
16 No income test required but preference given to those with greatest need.
17 Recipient data represent units eligible for payment at end of year.
18 Includes operating subsidies and HUD-administered Indian housing.
19 Recipient data represent total families or dwelling units during year.
20 Expenditure data represent amounts obligated.
21 Recipient data are housing units provided or rehabilitated.
22 Recipient data are total numbers for the school year ending in year shown.
23 Expenditure data are appropriations available for school year ending the fiscal year named.
24 Nonfederal expenditure data are rough estimates.
25 Includes one-time authorization of $1 billion for enterprise communities and empowerment zones.
26 Recipient data are estimated number of children served. P.L. 104-193 ended AFDC and its related child care programs and established a new mandatory child care block grant.
27 Recipient data are total number of participants.
28 Job opportunities and basic skills training program (JOBS) ended by P.L. 104-193, and the Welfare-to-Work program for AFDC and TANF adults, respectively.
29 Total participants (June-August).
b Recipient data represent annual number of jobs authorized.
30 Households served during the year with heating and winter crisis Federal funds include amounts transferred to other programs serving the needy.
31 Includes State Legalization Impact Assistance Grants, first offered in 1988, to offset State and local costs of welfare, health care, and education provided to legalized aliens.

Source: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, "Cash and Noncash Benefits for Persons With Limited Income: Eligibility Rules, Recipient and Expenditure Data, FY1996-FY1998" CRS Report RL30401; December 15, 1999; and earlier reports.

http://www.allcountries.org/uscensus/605_cash_and_noncash_benefits_for_persons.html

These tables are based on figures supplied by the United States Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce and are subject to revision by the Census Bureau.

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