Poisoning Deaths by Cause statistics



Cause	1979	1980	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997


Total poisoning deaths	12,596	12,075	12,172	12,316	12,475	12,747	13,173	14,445	14,621	15,353	15,253	14,103	14,930	16,026	17,658	18,334	18,549	19,177	20,094

Drugs, total	6,627	6,313	6,539	6673	6,786	7,150	7,606	8,630	8,876	10,119	10,398	9,344	10,292	11,611	13,206	13,943	14,213	14,872	16,019

Unintentional poisoning by drugs,
medicaments and biologicals	2,544	2,492	2,668	2,862	2,866	3,266	3,612	4,187	3,907	4,865	5,035	4,506	5,215	5,951	7,382	7,828	8,000	8,431	9,099

Analgesics, antipyretics, and antirheumatics	655	636	768	865	846	926	1,209	1,279	937	1,190	1,329	1,278	1,238	1,657	2,094	2,148	2,508	2,490	2,813
Opiates and related narcotics	341	322	405	559	503	628	867	930	595	798	957	931	872	1,279	1,728	1,732	2,118	2,075	2,377
Salicylates (incl. aspirin)	79	75	74	75	86	64	58	74	81	80	67	44	63	56	47	37	38	47	27
Aromatic analgesics, n.e.c. (incl. acetaminophen)	25	21	35	28	34	42	41	34	56	37	52	65	65	69	88	90	81	80	107
Pyrazole derivatives	3	2	4	3	0	0	0	2	0	0	1	0	1	2	1	1	1	1	2
Antirheumatics	0	2	0	5	1	2	3	5	5	4	2	4	2	3	3	6	2	4	4
Other nonnarcotic analgesics	109	117	99	78	82	79	78	84	71	96	85	88	87	79	77	96	86	102	111
Other	93	97	150	116	136	110	158	149	125	172	160	145	143	167	149	182	179	179	178
Unspecified	5	0	1	1	4	1	4	1	4	3	5	1	5	2	1	4	3	2	7
Barbiturates	180	155	81	87	75	60	42	49	30	29	26	22	26	21	17	15	10	19	24

Other sedatives and hypnotics	38	25	28	16	14	7	8	8	10	3	4	3	3	3	7	5	2	5	1
Chloral hydrate group	10	9	11	3	7	1	4	5	7	1	4	2	1	2	5	2	0	4	1
Paraldehyde	2	2	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0
Bromine compounds	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	2	1	2	0	0	1	0	2	3	1	1	0
Methaqualone compounds	12	7	8	7	2	3	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Glutethimide group	13	6	8	6	4	2	3	0	2	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0
Phenothiazine-based tranquilizers	34	35	27	26	28	24	31	30	20	33	22	15	18	20	11	12	14	19	15
Butyrophenone-based tranquilizers	2	0	3	0	2	3	4	5	1	5	0	1	1	2	0	4	2	7	1
Tranquilizers:
Benzodiazepine-based	54	53	50	54	48	40	57	48	33	36	39	38	41	38	44	41	46	53	61
Other specified tranquilizers	13	15	8	11	14	16	8	6	8	6	7	9	14	3	6	6	10	3	17
Unspecified tranquilizer	3	7	2	1	3	1	2	3	1	3	0	4	2	2	3	0	0	0	0

Other psychotropic agents	131	161	153	173	156	168	165	205	165	229	240	217	193	269	315	355	373	344	393
Antidepressants	105	141	130	147	121	136	128	154	122	147	151	142	141	141	152	123	150	143	147
Psychodysleptics (hallucinogens)	3	2	3	0	3	3	5	3	2	3	5	3	2	0	1	3	4	4	2
Psychostimulants (amphetamines, caffeine)	23	18	20	25	32	28	32	48	40	78	83	71	50	128	162	228	219	197	243
Central nervous system stimulants	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1

Drugs acting on central and autonomic nervous system	180	159	209	216	287	477	448	685	852	1,181	1,137	821	1,239	1,113	1,183	1,393	1,156	1,411	1,336
Anticonvulsant and anti-Parkinsonism drugs	10	6	9	13	9	12	19	13	17	31	30	26	33	32	22	30	17	30	43
Other central nervous system depressants	39	36	29	29	27	39	20	30	29	31	16	37	40	35	37	27	20	26	24
Local anaesthetics (cocaine, lidocaine, procaine, and tetracaine)	116	109	156	164	236	412	390	624	777	1,087	1,057	743	1,147	1,031	1,095	1,311	1,088	1,333	1,245
Parasympathomimetics (cholinergics)	4	0	3	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	2	1	0
Parasympatholytics (anticholinergics and antimuscarinics) and spasmoly	3	4	6	2	6	3	1	6	9	5	6	1	6	0	7	5	4	2	5
Sympathomimetics (adrenergics)	3	2	2	3	2	2	4	1	3	1	5	2	4	2	4	6	5	4	7
Sympatholytics (antiadrenergics)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	2	0	0	0	0	1	0
Other specified drugs acting on central and autonomic nervous systems	4	2	2	1	7	7	12	8	17	23	21	12	7	13	16	12	19	14	11
Unspecified drug acting on central and autonomic nervous systems	1	0	2	4	0	2	2	1	0	2	2	0	0	0	2	1	1	0	1

Antibiotics	37	50	47	44	56	61	50	63	59	60	51	51	57	55	43	44	26	47	48

Anti-infectives	4	7	10	9	9	6	4	6	7	2	5	7	10	5	9	11	8	6	8

Other drugs	1,155	1,155	1,242	1,322	1,299	1,450	1,560	1,778	1,765	2,061	2,154	2,017	2,362	2,755	3,640	3,789	3,835	4,017	4,374
Hormones and synthetic substitutes	28	20	22	20	30	22	34	28	15	28	22	20	17	18	9	26	15	21	29
Primarily systemic agents	27	24	24	19	23	35	26	26	29	30	35	30	36	44	60	51	41	42	49
Agents primarily affecting blood constituents	17	17	24	26	31	28	25	20	25	31	25	35	35	33	34	27	26	36	53
Agents primarily affecting cardiovascular system	160	190	202	196	214	196	225	263	248	260	279	257	282	218	213	244	226	227	195
Agents primarily affecting gastrointestinal system	1	3	4	2	4	4	7	8	10	4	10	3	3	3	5	3	5	5	1
Water, mineral, and uric acid metabolism drugs	19	13	20	18	26	62	68	85	92	98	114	112	85	75	74	72	43	44	42
Agents primarily acting on the smooth and skeletal muscles & respiratory system	14	13	16	13	8	17	21	15	10	20	14	14	14	8	18	15	10	18	12
Agents primarily affecting skin and mucous membrane,
ophthalmological, otorinolaryngological and dental drugs	12	9	3	10	2	7	8	9	13	8	11	4	6	7	7	11	5	10	9
Other	405	404	422	411	446	509	550	631	618	811	895	796	1,033	1,328	1,902	1,981	1,986	2,012	2,163
Unspecified	472	462	505	607	515	570	596	693	705	771	749	746	851	1,021	1,318	1,359	1,478	1,602	1,821

Suicide by drugs	3,034	2,761	2,730	2,685	2,812	2,690	2,668	2,796	2,891	2,910	2,988	2,920	3,095	3,215	2,975	3,022	2,874	2,896	3,108
Analgesics, antipyretics, and antirheumatics	357	310	295	317	353	306	324	338	349	351	352	374	357	405	407	445	417	406	457
Barbiturates	615	498	387	354	319	250	220	223	187	139	167	137	158	154	115	133	102	98	130
Other sedatives and hypnotics	173	99	113	100	81	64	51	62	56	44	45	50	45	31	21	34	28	34	25
Tranquilizers and other psychotropic agents	765	754	806	753	829	846	856	910	938	1,016	1,072	939	988	1,000	913	888	757	740	681
Other specified drugs and medicaments	546	562	531	559	569	626	592	637	672	710	690	765	803	827	735	807	852	853	958
Unspecified drug or medicament	578	538	598	602	661	598	625	626	689	650	662	655	744	798	784	715	718	765	857

Homicide by drugs and medicaments	13	15	31	17	17	13	24	30	22	28	16	32	33	37	34	30	27	36	38

Undetermined intent-poisoning by drug	868	826	798	735	750	754	778	956	1,100	1,228	1,236	955	1,049	1,401	1,742	1,834	1,878	1,864	2,200
Analgesics, antipyretics, and antirheumatics	192	202	214	191	211	235	229	273	367	438	430	247	271	491	689	687	750	737	857
Barbiturates	97	65	59	41	43	28	34	23	20	17	12	10	14	13	7	10	11	6	10
Other sedatives and hypnotics	36	28	24	28	14	15	11	12	7	7	4	7	0	8	3	9	6	6	4
Tranquilizers and other psychotropic agents	158	140	138	124	142	126	102	155	154	153	145	161	147	159	168	180	161	166	178
Other specified drugs and medicaments	202	174	190	176	192	191	186	279	322	409	449	324	410	478	618	657	669	661	780
Unspecified drug or medicament	183	217	173	175	148	159	216	214	230	204	196	206	207	252	257	291	281	288	371

Nondependent abuse of drugs	168	219	312	374	341	427	524	661	956	1,088	1,123	931	900	1,007	1,073	1,229	1,434	1,645	1,574
Tobacco	48	46	59	45	77	72	119	108	154	161	210	239	193	230	267	297	310	372	323
Cannabis	0	1	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	2	1	0	2	0	2	0	3	1
Hallucinogens	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	3	4	0	0
Barbiturates and tranquilizers	2	2	3	2	0	1	1	1	1	0	3	0	1	2	1	2	4	3	6
Morphine type	2	1	4	4	7	9	11	12	11	10	12	13	20	42	42	77	148	155	191
Cocaine type	2	1	3	3	3	13	18	31	50	89	115	85	153	146	176	238	300	304	304
Amphetamine type	0	1	0	0	1	0	3	0	3	1	8	6	2	9	13	20	20	25	24
Antidepressants	0	0	0	0	0	1	2	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	2	2	1
Other, mixed or unspecified	114	167	240	320	253	331	370	508	737	825	771	587	531	574	573	589	646	781	724

Other solid and liquid substances,
(E860-E866, E950.6-.9, E962.1, E962.9, E980.6-.9, 305.0)	1,840	1,833	1,663	1,695	1,668	1,675	1,557	1,643	1,447	1,506	1,576	1,612	1,560	1,589	1,575	1,570	1,505	1,529	1,593

Unintentional poisoning by other solid and liquid substances	621	597	575	612	516	542	479	544	508	488	568	549	483	498	495	481	461	441	488

Alcohol, n.e.c.	416	385	384	412	341	346	305	352	347	334	400	369	331	332	337	323	318	308	342
Alcoholic beverages	10	3	6	22	7	4	4	7	4	2	4	11	15	11	12	9	20	6	8
Other and unspecified ethyl alcohol and its products	200	182	187	188	175	189	171	204	184	181	202	168	151	168	146	152	143	140	164
Methyl alcohol	18	19	13	20	23	14	15	22	21	10	23	23	29	14	18	11	10	12	24
Isopropyl alcohol	21	14	15	31	17	17	14	19	19	20	20	20	23	21	17	25	18	17	17
Fusel oil	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0
Other specified alcohols	5	3	3	5	1	2	3	3	1	0	4	3	3	1	4	1	2	2	2
Unspecified	162	163	160	146	118	120	98	97	118	121	147	144	110	117	140	125	124	131	127

Cleansing and polishing agents, disinfectants, paints and varnishes	14	15	12	10	11	11	10	6	11	14	9	15	5	11	21	13	10	10	14
Synthetic detergents and shampoos	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	2	1	0	0	0	0	2	0
Soap products	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	2	0	0	1	2
Polishes	2	3	2	2	3	3	2	2	0	2	1	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other cleansing and polishing agents	5	1	3	3	0	0	1	0	2	2	3	4	1	3	4	5	4	4	3
Disinfectants	5	5	3	5	6	7	2	2	4	9	4	4	2	6	10	5	3	1	6
Lead paints	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1
Other paints and varnishes	2	3	3	0	1	0	4	1	2	1	1	1	0	2	5	2	3	2	2
Unspecified	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0

Petroleum products, other solvents and their vapours, n.e.c	74	78	66	74	66	69	75	84	70	58	65	80	75	63	49	54	57	50	46
Petroleum solvents	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	2	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Petroleum fuels and cleaners	28	22	20	14	10	16	19	19	13	22	11	10	20	14	10	10	12	6	9
Lubricating oils	0	0	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other solvents	44	51	44	57	53	53	54	62	55	36	51	66	55	48	39	43	44	43	37
Unspecified solvent	2	5	1	1	2	0	2	2	2	0	1	3	0	1	0	1	1	1	0

Agricultural and horticultural chemical and pharmaceutical
preparations other than plant foods and fertilizers	29	24	32	29	22	31	21	20	13	14	19	10	10	18	16	11	9	16	12
Insecticides of organochlorine compounds	2	4	1	0	1	2	0	4	2	0	0	0	4	4	0	0	0	0	0
Insecticides of organophosphorus compounds	8	6	8	7	6	14	10	5	2	2	3	4	3	3	4	3	4	5	2
Carbamates	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0
Other and unspecified insecticides	8	4	6	5	7	3	4	1	0	2	3	0	1	5	3	0	1	2	0
Herbicides	2	2	3	8	2	4	1	2	2	2	4	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	3
Fungicides	3	2	1	1	2	1	0	3	0	1	0	0	1	0	2	1	1	0	2
Rodenticides	1	0	5	0	1	1	2	1	2	2	4	2	0	1	3	0	0	0	0
Fumigants	0	2	3	3	2	2	0	2	1	0	3	1	0	0	1	1	1	4	4
Other and unspecified	4	4	4	5	0	4	4	2	4	4	2	2	0	3	2	4	1	3	1

Corrosives and caustics, n.e.c	16	18	17	27	16	18	11	17	10	12	9	12	10	8	13	14	10	9	8
Corrosive aromatics	2	2	0	3	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	2	0	0	1	1	1	0	0
Acids	4	3	5	3	3	7	2	9	1	4	4	4	5	4	3	2	5	2	5
Caustic alkalis	6	8	6	13	8	6	4	4	6	3	1	2	2	3	5	5	2	5	3
Other specified corrosives and caustics	1	2	2	2	2	1	2	1	0	2	0	2	3	1	1	3	1	1	0
Unspecified corrosives and caustics	3	3	4	6	2	3	2	2	3	3	4	2	0	0	3	3	1	1	0

Foodstuffs and poisonous plants	7	13	6	7	6	5	6	6	9	3	8	12	6	6	5	13	7	6	11
Meat	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	2	0	0
Shellfish	0	2	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	2	1	0	0	5
Other fish	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	2	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	2	1
Berries and seeds	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	2	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other specified plants	1	3	1	0	3	2	3	2	3	2	2	3	2	1	0	3	4	0	1
Mushrooms and other fungi	5	2	4	5	2	2	1	0	2	0	3	1	1	2	1	3	0	2	1
Other specified foods	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	2	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	2
Unspecified foodstuff or poisonous plant	0	3	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	6	1	2	0	6	0	1	1

Other and unspecified solid and liquid substances	65	64	58	53	54	62	51	59	48	53	58	51	46	60	54	53	50	42	55
Lead and its compounds and fumes	7	5	6	6	5	4	8	7	7	10	3	4	4	1	1	3	3	2	1
Mercury and its compounds and fumes	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	2	1	1	4	0	0	2	1	1	1	2	1
Arsenic and its compounds and fumes	3	3	5	1	3	0	3	0	3	1	2	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
Other metals and compounds and fumes	9	7	11	9	8	14	13	18	10	23	21	22	12	16	20	23	21	21	27
Plant foods and fertilizers	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Glues and adhesives	0	0	2	2	0	4	1	1	2	3	2	1	3	2	2	1	0	0	0
Cosmetics	0	2	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	1	1
Other specified solid or liquid substances	15	6	10	17	10	17	9	17	8	7	11	13	14	26	15	10	11	8	13
Unspecified solid or liquid substance	30	40	24	16	28	21	17	14	16	7	14	10	13	11	14	14	14	8	12

Suicide by other solid/liquid substances	310	274	248	258	257	291	269	274	215	223	227	223	219	223	204	207	178	177	202
Agricultural and horticultural chemical and pharmaceutical
preparations other than plant foods and fertilizers	63	57	55	53	44	36	36	46	28	39	38	30	46	32	28	22	21	18	20
Corrosive and caustic substances	47	49	37	47	40	47	56	32	37	34	36	33	17	23	24	25	31	23	33
Arsenic and its compounds	10	9	8	7	10	7	7	5	11	3	9	12	3	5	5	1	2	0	2
Other and unspecified solid and liquid substances	190	159	148	151	163	201	170	191	139	147	144	148	153	163	147	159	124	136	147

Homicide by other solid/liquid substances	10	6	3	5	8	4	4	7	1	3	3	5	6	4	1	3	4	16	16
Homicide by unspecificed poisioning	1	0	2	0	1	2	1	4	1	2	1	0	1	1	2	2	1	0	1

Undetermined intent-poisoning by other solids and liquids	92	67	64	52	51	56	54	77	46	57	50	51	48	75	54	39	53	46	54
Corrosive and caustic substances	6	3	4	2	3	3	1	1	3	3	2	0	1	1	2	1	2	3	2
Agri. & horticultural chemical 7 pharmaceutical preps.
other than plant foods and fertilizers	11	5	5	3	5	8	4	9	4	4	1	5	3	5	1	4	4	2	0
Arsenic and its compounds	5	4	3	2	2	2	2	1	1	3	0	0	1	6	1	2	2	2	2
Other and unspecified solid and liquid substances	70	55	52	45	41	43	47	66	38	47	47	46	43	63	50	32	45	39	50

Nondependent abuse of alcohol	806	889	771	768	835	780	750	737	676	733	727	784	803	788	819	838	808	849	832

Gases and vapors, total (E867-E869, E951-952, E962.2, E982)	4,129	3,929	3,970	3,948	4,021	3,922	4,010	4,172	4,298	3,728	3,279	3,147	3,078	2,826	2,877	2,821	2,831	2,776	2,482
Unintentional poisoning by gases and vapors	1,472	1,242	1,280	1,259	1,251	1,103	1,079	1,009	900	873	921	748	736	633	660	685	611	638	576

Gas distributed by pipeline	92	61	66	72	82	48	49	29	53	36	48	33	20	21	14	24	27	23	13

Other utility gas and other carbon monoxide	1,194	1,006	1,054	1,022	994	865	880	816	690	686	708	582	594	504	535	553	506	502	459
Liquified petroleum gas distributed in mobile containers	42	23	37	33	28	22	34	27	29	32	48	54	48	47	53	59	57	57	39
Other and unspecified utility gas	36	29	32	50	27	20	18	27	20	19	22	16	18	12	12	11	13	18	25
Motor vehicle exhaust gas	717	611	615	596	580	511	488	475	402	372	355	293	278	223	245	246	234	219	208
Carbon monoxide from incomplete combustion of other domestic fuels	119	106	100	114	112	130	126	105	81	96	107	85	104	69	77	59	44	52	50
Carbon monoxide other sources	26	18	26	13	26	10	12	17	15	20	30	11	28	12	21	25	18	10	14
Unspecified carbon monoxide	254	219	244	216	221	172	202	165	143	147	146	123	118	141	127	153	140	146	123

Other gases and vapours	186	175	160	165	175	190	150	164	157	151	165	133	122	108	111	108	78	113	104
Nitrogen oxides	8	7	6	2	8	2	4	6	2	3	3	6	4	0	2	6	2	4	5
Sulfur dioxide	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0
Freon	30	6	12	12	12	8	12	24	15	22	25	21	27	15	21	12	9	12	9
Lacrimogenic gas (tear gas)	0	1	1	4	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0	0	1	0	0	1	0
Other specified gases and vapors	126	151	127	136	135	163	125	118	125	115	105	95	84	76	72	84	60	87	85
Unspecified gases and vapors	22	10	14	10	20	17	9	16	15	10	32	9	7	17	15	6	6	9	5

Suicide by gases in domestic use and other gases and vapors	2,384	2,418	2,453	2,416	2,548	2,628	2,767	2,966	3,215	2,692	2,228	2,281	2,230	2,057	2,092	2,044	2,095	2,007	1,818

Gases in domestic use	46	38	40	24	42	39	38	38	35	29	25	28	29	34	25	18	21	26	25
Gas distributed by pipeline	27	23	27	16	28	26	22	23	25	15	16	12	12	16	18	9	8	9	6
Liquefied petroleum gas distributed in mobile containers	9	12	8	5	7	11	13	12	8	12	7	14	14	13	6	8	12	16	18
Other utility gas	10	3	5	3	7	2	3	3	2	2	2	2	3	5	1	1	1	1	1

Other gases and vapors	2,338	2,380	2,413	2,392	2,506	2,589	2,729	2,928	3,180	2,663	2,203	2,253	2,201	2,023	2,067	2,026	2,074	1,981	1,793
Motor vehicle exhaust gas	1,929	1,998	1,986	2,032	2,103	2,210	2,308	2,450	2,684	2,247	1,814	1,877	1,833	1,706	1,670	1,618	1,659	1,508	1,367
Other carbon monoxide	387	361	402	329	387	366	396	453	474	393	373	348	346	295	373	393	391	454	407
Other specified gases and vapors	19	18	22	24	14	11	17	22	17	20	12	21	17	17	15	11	18	17	17
Unspecified gases and vapors	3	3	3	7	2	2	8	3	5	3	4	7	5	5	9	4	6	2	2

Homicide by gases and vapors	6	23	14	40	11	8	13	8	15	16	8	8	15	24	22	13	18	15	14

Undetermined intent-poisoning by other gases	267	246	223	233	211	183	151	189	168	147	122	110	97	112	103	79	107	116	74
Motor vehicle exhaust gas	181	177	136	163	146	127	93	122	102	101	75	70	54	69	62	49	67	61	41
Other carbon monoxide	74	61	70	57	52	45	48	42	48	36	33	23	35	37	34	22	28	44	21
Other specified gases and vapors	11	8	15	12	12	10	9	23	14	10	11	13	8	5	7	6	11	11	10
Unspecified gases and vapors	1	0	2	1	1	1	1	2	4	0	3	4	0	1	0	2	1	0	2

X Not applicable. N.e.c. = Not elsewhere classified
1 Includes other causes not shown separately.

Source: U.S. Public Health Service; Compressed Mortality File, 1979-1998. National Center for Health Statistics, Public Health. http://www3.oup.co.uk/publhr/

http://www.allcountries.org/uscensus/137_poisoning_deaths_by_cause.html

These tables are based on figures supplied by the United States Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce and are subject to revision by the Census Bureau.

Copyright © 2006 Photius Coutsoukis and Information Technology Associates, all rights reserved.